Sod Culture with Vicia villosa Alters the Diversity of Fungal Communities in Walnut Orchards for Sustainability Development

Monoculture frequently causes loss of soil nutrients and the emergence soil-borne diseases in walnut orchards, whereas it is unknown whether sod culture with Vicia villosa (a popular agroforestry system) orchards impacts structural composition diversity fungal communities. Fungal communities cover plant V. were investigated this work utilizing high-throughput sequencing ITS, as well examination root arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization hyphal length fungi. The monoculture interplanted models generated 33,511 34,620 effective tags sequence similarity 97%, respectively annotating 245 236 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Among these, a total 158 OTUs found to be shared across orchards. Walnuts grown had species, belonging genera 36 phyla, while walnuts crops 19 phyla. application significantly increased 1-Simpson Shannon indices fungi, indicating that interplanting promoted community diversity. Three dominant phyla detected soil, Glosseromycota being most phylum. reduced abundance Funneliformis Densospora native fungi roots by 94%, along 39% significant decrease length, compared monoculture. Overall, alters community, (F. geosporum) abundance, rate roots, contributing sustainable high-quality development walnuts.